Phật giáo Champa từ tư liệu đến nhận thức

4/24/20234:04 AM(View: 11632)

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Quảng Văn Sơn

PHẬT GIÁO CHAMPA
TỪ TƯ LIỆU ĐẾN NHẬN THỨC
Quảng Văn Sơn

Phật Giáo Champa Từ Tư Liệu Đến Nhận Thức

Tôn giáo là một vấn đề không thể không có trong một quốc gia. Phật giáo Đại thừa từng chiếm một vị trí rất quan trọng trong đời sống văn hóa xã hội vương quốc Champa. Bằng nhiều nguồn tư liệu khác nhau, bài viết làm rõ thêm về Phật giáo Champa từ thế kỷ III đến thế kỷ X. Thông qua sử liệu, bia ký, di tích, di vật mang dấu ấn Phật giáo Champa, bài viết phân tích nguyên nhân Phật giáo Champa không còn tồn tại trong đời sống văn hóa xã hội của vương quốc này.

MỤC LỤC

1. Đặt vấn đề
2. Phật giáo Champa qua sử liệu

3. Phật giáo Champa qua bia ký

4. Phật giáo Champa: từ di tích đến di vật

5. Nguyên nhân sự tiêu vong của Phật giáo Champa

6. Kết luận

1. Đặt vấn đề

Xuyên suốt chiều dài lịch sử, Phật giáo đã đóng góp tích cực vào nhiều mặt của đời sống xã hội, trở thành truyền thống tốt đẹp của người Việt Nam, kiến tạo nên bản sắc văn hóa dân tộc mang tính nhân văn sâu sắc. Cùng chung dòng chảy ấy, sự du nhập và phát triển rực rỡ của Phật giáo ở vùng duyên hải Miền Trung khẳng định vai trò quan trọng của tôn giáo này với vương quốc Champa. Thế nhưng, cho đến nay, nhiều nhà nghiên cứu lịch sử Phật giáo Việt Nam vẫn chưa có sự chú ý đúng mức đối với Phật giáo Champa. Bài viết này sẽ góp thêm tư liệu và đánh giá về sự du nhập, phát triển và tiêu vong của Phật giáo Champa.

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Bilingual. 299. General Khiem told Colonel Conein about the planning. A committee of Generals headed by General Duong Van Minh agreed that a coup will take place within one week.

9/29/2023(View: 3053)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 3. The President’s Intelligence Checklist. Anti-aircraft guns have been emplaced in the Palace area. The shadow of Ngo Dinh Nhu looms ever larger. His picture has begun to show up in public buildings

10/9/2023(View: 2978)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 300. Telegram From General Harkins: I am in direct liaison Embassy E & E officer on details.

9/30/2023(View: 2803)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 302. Memorandum From Forrestal to President Kennedy: A committee of generals has been formed for the purpose of bringing about a military coup within a week.

10/1/2023(View: 3059)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 303. Memorandum of Conference With the President. Ambassador Nolting acknowledged that the secret police had used brutal methods but he believed they had not been ordered to do so.

10/2/2023(View: 2781)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 304. Mr. and Mrs. Ambassador Tran Van Chuong (parents of Madame Nhu) told General Lansdale: The US must act firmly and quickly to replace both Diem and Nhu with a new government.

10/3/2023(View: 3014)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 306. From the Embassy in Vietnam to the Department of State. Generals cited int he report as members coup committee are best group that could be assembled in terms of ability and orientation.

10/4/2023(View: 2907)

Bilingual. 307. Central Intelligence Agency Station in Saigon to the Agency. Situation here has reached point of no return. Saigon is armed camp. Current indications are that Ngo family have dug in for last ditch battle.

10/5/2023(View: 3258)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 308. Foreign Reaction to Diem Repression and U.S. Foreign Policy. Press and public reaction to the events in Viet-Nam received to date is almost universally critical of Diem and, directly or by implication, the United States.

10/6/2023(View: 3095)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 33. Telegram From General Harkins. I had a talk with Brig Gen Khiem, Chief JGS, this morning. Asked where Col Thao, CAS 0483, stood in the picture.

10/25/2023(View: 3221)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 34. Telegram From the Embassy in Vietnam. Perhaps an arrangement could be worked out whereby the following could be made to happen: Madame Nhu to leave the country, Mr. Nhu’s functions to be limited entirely to Strategic Hamlets, the office of Prime Minister to be created and Mr. Thuan to become Prime Minister; Archbishop Thuc to leave the country.

10/26/2023(View: 2289)

Bilingual. 39. To Ambassador Lodge. President Kennedy may well be obliged at next press conference to express US disapproval of repressive measures.

10/27/2023(View: 2815)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 40. From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam. It seems to me that we must keep our eye fixed on the main purpose of our presence in South Viet-Nam

10/27/2023(View: 2444)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 41. US Assurances to the Generals. On August 27 Conein assured General Khiem that the US would do all in its power to assist the families of the generals engaged in the coup plot in the event of its failure.

10/29/2023(View: 2425)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 44. From the Embassy. Nhu will resign, leave the government service for good and move to Dalat after he has lifted martial law,

11/1/2023(View: 2611)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 46. From the Central Intelligence Agency Station in Saigon. Kim said that Nhu clearly expected coup attempt, that Tung’s special forces were on full alert, and that they were in a position to prevent any coup attempt from succeeding at this time.

11/2/2023(View: 3281)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 47. From the CIA Station in Saigon. He then cited Nhu press interview circa 8 May in which Nhu said he looking forward to reduction American aid as instance handwriting on wall which not appreciated by Americans. Reiterated earlier statements that Nhu basically anti-American.

11/3/2023(View: 2303)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 48. From the Central Intelligence Agency Station in Saigon. Nhu convened a meeting with 15 generals. General Duong Van Minh asked how to answer Americans who ask what we think of present situation. Nhu replied either state no comment or say you do not have enough information to comment.

11/4/2023(View: 2372)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 50. Interview With the President. In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We are prepared to continue to assist them

11/5/2023(View: 2311)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 51. Draft telegram to Lodge. Results your talk with Nhu promising on surface but we fear stalling tactics. Thus Nhu [in?] Dalat could still be power behind throne.

11/6/2023(View: 3045)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 56. From the Department of State. Thus, Nhu in Dalat would be some improvement, but he could still be power behind throne; Madame Nhu’s tour could be plus for her local prestige unless she stays away a long time and takes a vacation rather than a speech making world tour (we would emphatically oppose her speaking in the US).

11/7/2023(View: 2618)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 58. From the Embassy. Nhu is certainly not contemplating a change in GVN policies and actions.

11/8/2023(View: 2897)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 60. From the Embassy. I do not believe their word is good; Nhu’s resignation surely would mean very little; Madame Nhu’s departure is obviously intended to be a triumphant lecture tour.

11/9/2023(View: 2656)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 61. Telephone Conversation Between the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Hilsman) and the President. Kennedy: There’s an article in The New York Times by Tad Schultz [Szulc], page 5, in which he says that officials say that Nhu is trying to blackmail us.

11/10/2023(View: 2637)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 63. From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee revealed far-reaching doubts regarding not only Diem-Nhu leadership but also advisability of continued US participation in Viet-Nam war.

11/11/2023(View: 2414)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 64. Letter From Vu Van Thai to the Under Secretary of State. Vu Van Thai was currently a representative of the United Nations stationed in Togo. Now I am pleading that the US does its utmost to prevent the further crushing of the Buddhist movement

11/12/2023(View: 2479)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 66. Conference With the President. Rusk: Unless Diem acts promptly, there will be a drastic effect in the U.S involving both reduction in economic and military assistance and strong pressure to withdraw U.S political support of Vietnam.

11/13/2023(View: 2571)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 68. From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Two intelligence reports received today reflect the heightened contempt which Ngo Dinh Nhu, his wife, and other close confidants of the Ngo family hold for the United States

11/14/2023(View: 2364)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 69. From the Central Intelligence Agency Station in Saigon. Nhu feels there are too many American civilians in Saigon and that some of these personnel are maintaining continual campaign of anti-GVN criticism.

11/15/2023(View: 2640)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 70. From the Department of State. It is clear that as a minimum we face a major problem with world, with US Congress and with American public which will require GVN to take actions to restore its image so that we may continue to support it.

11/16/2023(View: 2422)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 71. From the Department of State to the Embassy. It has been decided to make an intensive effort to obtain at first hand information on attitudes toward GVN held by wide spectrum of populace.

11/17/2023(View: 2239)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 72. From the Embassy in Vietnam. They explained that passage of a resolution described in the telegram would be an irreversible action and would commit every Senator voting for it to vote against further appropriations.

11/18/2023(View: 2260)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 73. From the Department of State. Herewith set of questions to which answers desired here soonest. Request all assets mission participate as required with Krulak and Mendenhall in providing coordinated answers.

11/19/2023(View: 2307)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 74. From the White House to the President. Cable to Lodge follows; per Hilsman, Rusk requests you clear this with the President for release.

11/20/2023(View: 2504)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 75. From the Embassy in Vietnam. Embassy believes would be preferable omit Tri Quang from discussion on release of bonzes.

11/21/2023(View: 2459)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 76. From the Embassy in Vietnam. Thuan opened the conversation by saying that he felt completely useless now. Nhu says that he has been bought by the Americans, and would certainly kill him if he tried to resign.

11/22/2023(View: 2715)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 77. President Diem talked with Ambassador Lodge. My first advice to him was that Mr. Nhu should go away

11/23/2023(View: 2553)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 78. From Joseph Mendenhall. I have been struck by fear which pervades Saigon, Hue, and Da Nang. These cities have been living under reign of terror which continues.

11/24/2023(View: 2345)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 79. The Pentagon's report disagrees with the State Department's telegram. Hilsman says he and Harriman are sore as hell over “dirty pool” in Pentagon.

11/25/2023(View: 2625)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 8. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam. We continue to believe Nhus must go and coup will be needed

10/10/2023(View: 2870)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 80. From the Central Intelligence Agency Station in Saigon. Believe GVN obviously had no conception of results which would flow from GVN restrictions prior 8 May.

11/26/2023(View: 2490)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 81. To the Director of the United States Information Agency. There is mounting evidence that the war cannot be won with the present regime, especially in view of the damage done to popular support during the Buddhist crisis.

11/27/2023(View: 2356)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 82. Report by General Krulak. All Corps were visited. Substantive conversations were held with 87 members of the advisory system, from enlisted men of relatively low rank to senior officers.

11/28/2023(View: 2508)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 83. Memorandum of Conversation. General Krulak briefed his written report, “Visit to Vietnam, 7-10 September 1963”.

11/29/2023(View: 2656)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 84. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation about a proposed bill.

11/30/2023(View: 2551)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 85. Memorandum of Conversation. The Attorney General stated his view that we should now concentrate on specifics. All agreed that the war would go better without Nhu and Diem.

12/1/2023(View: 2474)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 86. From the Embassy. That it is worsening rapidly; That the time has arrived for the US to use what effective sanctions it has to bring about the fall of the existing government and the installation of another.

12/2/2023(View: 2480)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 87. White House Staff Meeting. Diem’s brother, Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc, was coming to the United States, having left Rome today. The purpose of his visit will be to make arrangements for Madam Nhu’s visit.

12/3/2023(View: 2286)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 89. U.S. Objectives. The U.S. policy objective should continue to be the maintenance of a viable, strong and free area in South Viet-Nam capable of maintaining its independence, successfully resisting Communist aggression, and susceptible to U.S. influence

12/4/2023(View: 1923)

Nguyên Giác

Bilingual. 90. Paper Prepared by the Assistant Secretary of State. Statement by the U.S. to Diem and/or publicly to the effect that U.S. demands that the GVN cease the use of all U.S.-supplied equipment for the repression of non-Communists.

12/5/2023(View: 2641)

Nguyên Giác

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