Chương IV: Cách Giúp Người Sắp Chết

CHƯƠNG 4
KẾT LUẬN

Tôi hy vọng rằng những ý tưởng được trình bày trong tập sách nhỏ này sẽ giúp quý độc giả chấp nhận và bớt sợ hãi hơn về cái chết của chính chúng ta và của người khác. Có rất nhiều tài liệu - từ nhiều truyền thống tôn giáo cổ đại và từ lãnh vực hiện đại như nghành tâm lý học, xã hội học và khoa hồi sức — có thể hướng dẫn cách sống bình an, trong sáng và can đảm khi đối mặt với cái chết. Và khi một người nào đó chúng ta yêu thương trải qua trải nghiệm chết này, chúng ta sẽ là nguồn an ủi, nương tựa và hy vọng cho họ. Mong cuốn sách nhỏ này sẽ truyền cảm hứng cho các bạn đọc để tìm hiểu thêm về chủ đề “Chết”. Nguyện cho tất cả chúng sinh thoát khỏi những đau đớn khi chết, thoát luân hồi sanh tử và đạt được sự an lạc tối thượng nhất.

PHỤ LỤC 1

THIỀN QUÁN VỀ

QUAN ĐIỂM “CHO & NHẬN” (TONG-LEN)

Ở CHÍNH MÌNH

Chúng ta có thể thực hành pháp quán “cho-nhận” này khi đang gặp phải bất kỳ loại vấn đề phức tạp nào - về thể xác, tình cảm, hay các mối quan hệ nơi làm việc. Hãy nhẹ nhàng ngồi xuống, bình tĩnh, tạo ra một sức tập trung cho sự tu tập này. Sau đó, minh sát vấn đề để nó hiện lên trong tâm, khởi nỗi đau khổ hay khó chịu như thế nào, phiền não tan đi sao.... Sau đó, khởi niệm rằng: “Tôi không phải là người duy nhất gặp vấn đề phức tạp như vậy. Có nhiều người khác nữa...” Nghĩ đến những người khác, những người có thể gặp cùng một vấn đề hoặc một phức tạp tương tự, một số thậm chí còn ở mức độ khổ hơn bản thân mình (Ví dụ, hãy nghĩ đến những người đã mất đi rất nhiều người thân yêu trong một cuộc chiến hay nạn đói).

Hãy khởi lên lòng từ và nghĩ rằng: “Thật là tuyệt vời nếu tất cả mọi người đều thoát khổ đau.” Sau đó, vì thương những chúng sanh khác, chúng ta sẽ chấp nhận chỉ mình chịu đau khổ để thay cho nỗi khổ của họ. Chúng ta có thể quán điều này với hơi thở: hình dung hơi thở vào trong đau khổ là vầng khói đen. Khi đi vào trái tim, nơi mà tự ngã đang ngự trị, dưới hình thức của một điểm tối rắn chắn như đá, khói đen của sự đau khổ sẽ thấm vào tảng đá tự ngã và phá hủy nó...

Sau đó, quán hơi thở ra an ổn, thiện lành và công đức, dưới hình thức ánh sáng rực rỡ, tượng trưng bất kỳ điều thiện cần thiết cho chính mình và tất cả những người khác để có thể đối phó với các vấn đề đau khổ và thăng tiến theo con đường dẫn đến giác ngộ.

Tóm lại, hãy hưởng cảm giác an lạc khi chúng ta đã thực hành điều hướng dẫn này và hồi hướng công đức (năng lượng tích cực) của pháp tu này cho tất cả chúng sinh sớm thoát khỏi khổ đau và đạt được hạnh phúc. Đó là ý nghĩa của cho và nhận.

     PHỤ LỤC 2

 THIỀN QUÁN VỀ SỰ THA THỨ

Khi thực hành thiền, chúng ta tự nhiên trở nên ý thức hơn về những gì đang diễn ra trong tâm của mình, trở nên chánh niệm rõ ràng hơn về những gì chúng ta cảm nhận và hiểu lý do tại sao. Chúng ta cũng bắt đầu khám phá những khác biệt trong cuộc sống và hàn gắn lại các mối quan hệ không tốt và đau đớn của quá khứ. Dần dần, có thể buông xả tha thứ các oán kết và chữa lành các vết tổn thương trong tâm của chúng ta.

Việc thực hành thiền quán hạnh tha thứ là một cách tuyệt vời để chữa lành nỗi đau của những tổn thương cũ, đã ngăn cản trái tim chúng ta không tin tưởng và yêu thương bản thân mình và những người khác. Tha thứ là chìa khóa để mở lòng, để trải nghiệm từ những bài học đau đớn của quá khứ và để đi vào tương lai không bị cản trở.

Đầu tiên, phải ngồi yên tĩnh tâm, thư giãn thân thể và chánh niệm nơi hơi thở, để những vọng tưởng, bóng ảnh và cảm xúc hiện lên và tan biến đi - những điều sai lầm cắn rứt gì mà bạn đã làm, nói và suy nghĩ, dù có đau khổ như thế nào đi chăng nữa, hãy tha thứ và bỏ qua.

Từ trái tim, bạn hãy chân thật thầm nhủ với chính mình, “Tôi đã tha thứ cho bản thân mình vì bất cứ điều gì từ thân khẩu ý, cố ý hoặc vô ý, tôi đã lỡ phạm trong quá khứ. Tôi đã chịu đựng nỗi cắn rứt trong thời gian qua! Tôi đã học và trưởng thành và bây giờ tôi đã sẵn sàng để mở rộng trái tim mình. Nguyện cho tôi được an lạc, giải thoát, không phiền não. Nguyện cho tôi hưởng trọn niềm vui của sự hiểu biết thực sự về bản thân mình, những người khác và thế giới xung quanh. Nguyện cho tôi có thể trải nghiệm sự hoàn hảo và trọn vẹn của chính mình và giúp đỡ người khác cũng trải nghiệm giống như vậy.”

Bây giờ, trong không gian trước mắt, bạn hãy quán tưởng một người thân yêu mà bạn muốn tha thứ hoặc bất cứ ai mà bạn cần họ tha thứ. Từ thâm tâm (trái tim) bạn đến thâm tâm của họ, hãy truyền đạt trực tiếp những thông điệp vị tha như sau: “Tận lòng, tôi có thể tha thứ cho bạn vì bất cứ điều gì bạn đã lỡ phạm, cố ý hoặc vô ý, bởi thân, khẩu, và ý của bạn đã làm tôi đau. Tôi tha thứ cho bạn và xin bạn cũng tha thứ cho tôi vì bất cứ điều gì từ thân, khẩu, và ý, tôi đã cố ý hoặc vô ý làm bạn buồn – Xin bạn tha thứ cho tôi. Nguyện cho bạn được an lạc, giải thoát, không phiền não. Nguyện cả hai chúng ta mở rộng trái tim và khối óc để đón nhận tình thương và sự hiểu biết, bởi lẽ chúng ta đã có cùng một bản thể.

Xin hãy quán niệm rằng thông điệp tha thứ này đã được tiếp nhận và giải quyết, và khẳng định vết thương giữa bạn và tôi đã được chữa lành và tan chảy trong không gian.”

Tiếp theo, hãy nghĩ về vô số người mà bạn đã đóng trái tim mình, không tiếp nhận. Hãy quán cảm giác và ứng xử của bạn khi có người lạm dụng bạn, lỗ mãng, cướp giựt, cản trở, bêu xấu bạn, v.v ... và ngược lại quán đã có bao nhiêu người mà bạn đã tổn thương theo cách nào đó, vô ý hay cố ý, bằng thân, khẩu và ý. Đã bao nhiêu lần bạn đã là kẻ ngược đãi, lỗ mãng, cướp giựt, cản trở, và bêu xấu người khác?

Hãy quán tưởng vô số chúng sinh đang đứng trước mặt bạn. Tận thâm tâm (trái tim) của bạn và họ sẽ khởi lên những niệm vị tha như sau: “Tôi tha thứ cho bạn và xin bạn cũng tha thứ cho tôi vì bất cứ điều gì do vô ý hoặc cố ý, tôi đã khiến tổn thương bạn. Mong bạn, tôi và tất cả chúng ta hãy tạo ra những nhân hạnh phúc cho cuộc sống của chúng ta. Mong tất cả chúng ta đều biết niềm vui của sự hiểu biết thực sự và trải nghiệm mối quan hệ tương tác lẫn nhau. Nguyện chúng ta mở tình cảm và lý trí của mình để gặp nhau và gặp nhau trong sự hòa hợp. ”

Quán tưởng như vậy, thường xuyên càng nhiều càng tốt như bạn muốn. Hãy tha thiết và tinh tấn quán niệm, bởi lẽ do thế bạn có thể tránh lỗi lẫm và tránh không cắn rứt bản thân nữa. Trong thời điểm hiện tại, hãy để bản thân cảm nhận giá trị của tha thứ và kiên nhẫn chấp nhận những hành động quá khứ của bạn như bạn đã là.

— Trích từ “Nghệ Thuật Thư Giãn, Tập Trung và Thiền Quán” (The Fine Arts of Relaxation, Concentration and Meditation)-Joel and Michelle Levey (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 1991).

DANH NGÔN VỀ CHẾT

(Inspiring Quotes)

Lời cuối cùng của Đức Phật Thích Ca Mâu Ni gởi cho các đệ tử: “Này các đệ tử của ta! Cái chết của ta đang đến gần, sự chia tay của chúng ta đang sắp xảy ra, nhưng đừng nên than thở. Cuộc sống luôn thay đổi; không ai có thể thoát khỏi sự tan rả của cơ thể. Điều này ta bây giờ chứng minh bằng cái chết của chính ta, cơ thể ta rơi ra như một chiếc xe đổ nát.

Đừng than thở vô ích mà phải giác tỉnh rằng không có gì là vĩnh viễn và hãy trải nghiệm về tánh trống rỗng của kiếp người. Đừng tham luyến dục lạc cho là thường hoài.... ”-

(“Do not vainly lament, but realize that nothing is permanent and learn from it the emptiness of human life. Do not cherish the unworthy desire that the changeable might become unchanging....” — Last words to his disciples by Shakyamuni Buddha)

CHẾT LÀ CHẮC CHẮN (Death Is Certain)

"Không có ai, mặc dù vị ấy thấy những người khác chết xung quanh, tin rằng bản thân mình sẽ chết." - Bhagavad-gita

(‘No man, though he sees others dying around him, believes he himself will die.’ — Bhagavadgita)

Khi bạn mạnh mẽ và khỏe mạnh, bạn không bao giờ nghĩ đến bệnh tật đến, Nhưng khi bịnh giáng xuống với lực mạnh bất ngờ giống như một cơn sét đánh.

Khi dấn thân vô những lạc thú thế gian, bạn không bao giờ nghĩ đến sự tiếp cận của cái chết, nhanh như sấm, đập tan đầu của bạn. — Milarepa

(‘When you are strong and healthy, You never think of sickness coming, But it descends with sudden force, Like a stroke of lightning.

When involved in worldly things, You never think of death’s approach, Quick it comes like thunder, Crashing round your head.’— Milarepa)

LÀM SAO SỐNG CÓ Ý NGHĨA VÀ HẠNH PHÚC

(How To Die Happilyand Meaningfully)

"Nếu một người chết với ý nghĩ làm lợi lạc người khác, tâm họ sẽ vui vẻ một cách tự nhiên và điều này khiến cho cái chết của họ có ý nghĩa." - Lama Zopa Rinpoche

(‘If a person dies with the thought of benefiting others, their mind is naturally happy and this makes their death meaningful.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche)

"Thời gian qua và sẽ không bao giờ trở lại nếu bạn không dấn thân hành thiện, vì vậy mỗi ngày bạn phải tìm cơ hội... Chết là chắc chắn nhưng thời gian chết là chưa xác định - nó có thể đến với chúng ta bất cứ lúc nào, do đó không nên trì hoãn.'- Đức Đạt Lai Lạt Ma thứ XIV

(‘A time will never come when you are free of all activities, so everyday you have to find the opportunity.... Death is definite but the time of death is inQdefinite—it can strike us at any time, therefore do not procrastinate.’ — HH Dalai Lama)

CHẾT ĐỂ SỐNG (Die To Live)

            Đức Phật dạy tôn giả A-nan quán thấy sự vô thường và cái chết nơi mỗi hơi thở. Chúng ta phải biết cái chết; chúng ta phải chết để sống. ’- Ajahn Chah

(‘The Buddha told his disciple Ananda to see impermanence, to see death with every breathe. We must know death; we must die in order to live.’ — Ajahn Chah)

TẠI SAO GIÚP NGƯỜI SẮP CHẾT?

(Why Help The Dying?)

            "Nhu cầu của một người đang đến gần cái chết, người ấy đang ở thời điểm quan trọng trong cuộc sống, là không thể tin được và họ cần sự hỗ trợ.... Đối với hầu hết mọi người, khi cái chết đang đến gần, họ cảm thấy đó là thời gian thử thách và khó khăn nhất trong đời của họ. Vì thế, đó là lúc họ thực sự cần những nơi nương tựa hoặc hỗ trợ. ”- Lama Zopa Rinpoche

            (“The needs of a person who is experiencing death, who is at this crucial point in life, are unbelievable, and they need support.... For most people, when death is approaching they find it the hardest and most difficult time in their life. So therefore, this is the time that they really need some refuge or support.” — Lama Zopa Rinpoche)

BẠN CỦA NHỮNG NGƯỜI CHẾT

(To Friends of the Dying)

Này bạn,

Ai đã đến trạng thái này, thưa chị, em, bạn bè.

Người này đang sắp chết.

Cô (anh) ấy đã không chọn để chết như vậy.

Cô ấy đang đau khổ rất nhiều.

Cô ấy không có nhà, không có bạn bè. Rơi xuống từ một vách đá.

Cô đang bước vào một khu rừng kỳ lạ.

Cưỡi gió, lướt đại dương.

Cô cảm thấy mặt đất cứng chắc không có hiện diện.

Cô ấy đang dấn thân vào một trận chiến tuyệt vời.

 Di chuyển từ trạng thái này sang trạng thái khác,

Cô cảm thấy lẻ loi và bất lực.

Hãy ôm cô ấy bằng tất cả tình thương của bạn.

(Tử Thư Tây Tạng, Phần Niệm Lớn, chuyển ngữ: Jean-Claude van Itallie).

Oh you,

            Who have come to this place, Sisters and brothers, friends, This person is dying.

            She (he) has not chosen to do so. She is suffering greatly.

            She has no home, no friends. Falling as from a cliff,

            She is entering a strange forest.

            Driven by the winds, swept by the ocean,

             She feels no solid ground.

            She is embarking on a great battle. Moved from state to state,

            She is alone and helpless. Embrace her with your love.

            — extracted from The Tibetan Book of the Dead for Reading Aloud, adapted by Jean-Claude van Itallie).

GIÚP THẾ NÀO (How To Help)

             “Điều quan trọng là chăm sóc tâm linh của người sắp chết. Có người thích chăm sóc thân thể, còn chúng ta thích chăm sóc tinh thần. '- Lama Zopa Rinpoche

            (‘The main thing is to take care of the dying person’s mind. Many others can take care of the body, but we can take care of the mind.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche)

            "Thân thể có ngôn ngữ riêng của tình thương, sử dụng nó với tâm vô úy, và bạn sẽ cảm thấy bạn an ủi người chết và khiến họ dễ chịu." - Sogyal Rinpoche

            (‘The body has its own language of love, use it fearlessly, and you will find you bring to the dying comfort and consolation.’ — Sogyal Rinpoche)

            "Khi làm công tác lợi ích xã hội và ngay từ đầu những gì bạn có trong trái tim là phục vụ người khác, bởi lẽ những người khác là quan trọng nhất, thì tất nhiên bạn sẽ thích công việc này từ trái tim thuần khiết." - Lama Zopa Rinpoche

            (‘When you do social service, and from the very beginning what you have in your heart is to offer service to others, because others are most important, then of course you enjoy the work because of the pure heart.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche)

            “Lòng từ bi là gì? Nó không chỉ đơn giản là cảm giác thông cảm hay quan tâm đến người đau khổ, không đơn giản là sự ấm áp của trái tim đối với người trước mặt bạn, hay sự nhận thức rõ ràng hay nhận ra những nhu cầu và nỗi đau của họ, nó cũng là một quyết định bền vững và thiết thực, sẽ làm bất cứ điều gì có thể và cần thiết để giúp giảm bớt sự đau khổ của họ. ”- Lướt Qua Lại Lướt Qua của Sogyal Rinpoche

            (“What is compassion? It is not simply a sense of sympathy or caring for the person suffering, not simply a warmth of heart toward the person before you, or a sharp clarity or recognition of their needs and pain, it is also a sustained and practical determination to do whatever is possible and necessary to help alleviate their suffering.” — Glimpse After Glimpse by Sogyal Rinpoche)

LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC LÀM THIỆN NGUYỆN (Benefits Of Volunteering)

             ‘Giúp chăm sóc những người bị bệnh và sắp chết chính là sự chuẩn bị tốt nhất cho cái chết của chính chúng ta’— Lama Zopa Rinpoche

            (‘Helping to look after people who are sick and dying is itself the best preparation for our own death’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche)

            "Học hỏi để giúp đỡ những người sắp chết là thật sự bắt đầu trở nên không sợ hãi và có trách nhiệm về cái chết của chính chúng ta, cũng như đã tìm thấy sự khởi đầu của lòng từ vô biên mà chúng ta chưa bao giờ ngờ tới." - Sogyal Rinpoche

            (‘To learn really to help those who are dying is to begin to become fearless and responsible about our own dying, and to find in ourselves the beginnings of an unbounded compassion that we may have never suspected.’ — Sogyal Rinpoche)

SÁCH THAM KHẢO

            Bokar Rinpoche. Death and the Art of Dying in Tibetan Buddhsm. San Francisco: ClearPoint Press, 1993.

            Kapleau, Philip, ed. The Wheel of Death. New York, Harper & Row, 1971.

            Lama Lodo. Bardo Teachings. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1987.

            Lati Rinpochay and Jeffrey Hopkins. Death, Inter- mediate State and Rebirth. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1985.

            Loden, Geshe Acharya Thubten. Path to Enlighten- ment in Tibetan Buddhism, pps.225-253. Mel- bourne: Tushita Publications.

            Mullin, Glen H. Death and Dying: The Tibetan Tra- dition. London: Arkana, 1986.

            Pabongka Rinpoche. Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand, pps.332-361. Boston: Wisdom, 1991.

            Sogyal Rinpoche. The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1992.

            Thurman, Robert A.F., trans. The Tibetan Book of the Dead. New York: Bantam Books, 1994.

            Visuddhacara. Loving and Dying. Penang: Malaysian Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1993.

THIỀN PHẬT GIÁO

 (Buddhist Meditation)

            Goldstein, Joseph. The Experience of Insight. Bos- ton: Shambhala.

            Gunaratana, Venerable H. Mindfulness in Plain English. Boston: Wisdom.

            McDonald, Kathleen. How to Meditate. Boston: Wisdom.

            Salzberg, Sharon. LovingKindness — the Revolutionay Art of Happiness. Boston: Shambhala, 1995.

            Thich Nhat Hanh. The Miracle of Mindfulness. Berkeley: Parallax Press.

CHĂM SÓC NGƯỜI SẮP CHẾT

(Caring For The Dying)

            Buckman, Dr. Robert, I Don’t Know What to Say: How  to Help and Support  Someone  who  is Dying. London: Papermac, 1988.

            Callanan, Maggie and Patricia Kelley.Final Gifts: Understanding the Special Awareness, Needs and Communications of the Dying. New York: Ban- tam, 1992.

            Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York: Collier, 1970.

            To Live Until We Say Goodbye.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978.

            Levine, Stephen. Who Dies? An Investigation of Con- scious Living and Conscious Dying. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982.

            Longaker, Christine. Facing Death and Finding Hope. NY: Doubleday, and London: Century, 1997.

            Stoddard, Sandol. The Hospice Movement: A Better Way to Care for the Dying. New York: Random House, 1991.

QUAN ĐIỂM PHƯƠNG TÂY VỀ CÁI CHẾT (Western Views On Death)

            Nuland, Sherwin B. How We Die. London: Vintage, 1997.

DỊCH VỤ CHĂM SÓC NGƯỜI SẮP CHẾT Ở SINGAPORE

(Hospice Care Services in Singapore)

          REFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION

            This booklet is based on material used during a seminar that I have taught a number of times in Singapore and elsewhere, entitled “Preparing for Death and Helping the Dying.” This seminar answers a genuine need in today’s world, as expressed by one participant: “I am interested to know more about death and how to help dying people, but it’s very difficult to find anyone willing to talk about these things.”

            The material for the seminar is taken mainly from two sources: traditional Buddhist teachings, and contemporary writings in the field of caring for the dying. This booklet is meant as a brief introduction to the subject rather than a detailed explanation. My hope is that it will spark interest in the ideas presented. For those of you who wish to learn more, a list of recommended books is provided at the end.

            The booklet was first published in October, 1999 in Singapore. For this present edition, I have made some changes to the original text, and added more material, including two appendices. Any suggestions for further changes and additions would be most welcome.

Sangye Khadro

March, 2003

INTRODUCTION

            Death is a subject that most people do not like to hear about, talk about, or even think about. Why is this? After all, whether we like it or not, each and every one of us will have to die one day. And even before we have to face our own death, we will most probably have to face the deaths of other people— our family members, friends, colleagues, and so forth. Death is a reality, a fact of life, so wouldn’t it be better to approach it with openness and acceptance, rather than fear and denial?

            Perhaps the discomfort we have towards death is because we think it will be a terrible, painful and depressing experience. However, it doesn’t have to be so. Dying can be a time of learning and growth; a time of deepening our love, our awareness of what is important in life, and our faith and commitment to spiritual beliefs and practices. Death can even be an opportunity to gain insight into the true nature of ourselves and all things, an insight that will enable us to become free from all suffering.

            Let’s take the example of Inta McKimm, the director of a Buddhist centre in Brisbane, Australia.

            Inta died of lung cancer in August, 1997. Two months before her death she wrote in a letter to her Spiritual Teacher, Lama Zopa Rinpoche: “Although I am dying, this is the happiest time of my life!....

            For a long time life seemed so hard, so difficult. But when really recognizing death it turned into the greatest happiness. I wouldn’t want anyone to miss out on their own death, the great happiness that comes with having recognized impermanence and death. This is quite surprising and unexpected, and extremely joyful. It is the greatest happiness of my whole life, the greatest adventure and the greatest party!”

            Inta spent the last few months of her life dedicating herself to spiritual practice. At the time of her death her mind was peaceful, and she was surrounded by family and friends praying for her. There are many similar stories of Lamas, monks, nuns and spiritual practitioners who are able to face death with serenity and dignity, and in some cases are even able to remain in a state of meditation during and after their death. With the proper training and preparation, a peaceful and positive death is possible for each and every one of us.

            It is important to examine the thoughts, feelings and attitudes we have regarding death and dying, to see whether or not they are realistic and healthy. How do you feel when you read or hear the news of a disaster where many people were killed suddenly and unexpectedly? How do you feel when you hear that one of your own family members or friends has died or been diagnosed with cancer? How do you feel when you see a hearse, or drive past a cemetery? What do you think it will be like to die? And do you believe in anything beyond this life, on the other side of death?

            There are two unhealthy attitudes people sometimes have towards death. One is to be frightened, thinking that it will be a horrible, painful experience, or that it means total annihilation. This fear leads to denial and wanting to avoid thinking or talking about death. Is this a good idea, considering the fact that we will have to go through it one day? Wouldn’t it be better to accept the reality of death and then learn how to overcome our fears and be prepared for it when it happens?

            The other unhealthy attitude is a careless, flippant one where one might say, “I don’t have any fear of death. I know I’ll have to die one day but it will be OK, I can handle it.” I had this attitude when I was younger, but one day I sat through an earthquake and for a few moments truly thought I was going to die, and then I discovered that I had been wrong—in fact, I was terrified of death and totally unprepared for it! In The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying (p.8), Sogyal Rinpoche quotes a Tibetan master who said: “People often make the mistake of being frivolous about death and think, ‘Oh well, death happens to everyone. It’s not a big deal, it’s natural. I’ll be fine.’ That’s a nice theory until one is dying.”

            If you notice that you have either of these two attitudes, it might be a good idea to do more research into what death is all about. More knowledge about death and dying will help decrease the fear of death (because we tend to be afraid of what we don’t know about or understand), and will help those who have a flippant attitude to take death more seriously and realize the importance of preparing ourselves for it.

            This booklet is just a brief introduction to the subject of death and dying, and the recommended reading list at the end will let you know where you can find more information.

            First of all, let’s look at how death is viewed in the Buddhist tradition.

         BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH

            DEATH IS A NATURAL, INEVITABLE PART OF LIFE

            People sometimes think of death as a punishment for bad things they have done, or as a failure or mis-take, but it is none of these. It is a natural part of life. The sun rises and sets; the seasons come and go; beautiful flowers become withered and brown; people and other beings are born, live for some time, then die.

            One of the principal things the Buddha discov-ered and pointed out to us is the truth of imperma-nence: that things change and pass away. There are two aspects of impermanence: gross and subtle. Gross impermanence refers to the fact that all produced things—which includes humans and other living be-ings, all the phenomena in nature, and all human-made things—will not last forever, but will go out of existence at some point. As the Buddha himself said:

What is born will die

What has been gathered will be dispersed,

What has been accumulated will be exhausted,

What has been built up will collapse,

And what has been high will be brought low.

And:

This existence of ours is as transient as autumn clouds.

            To watch the birth and death of beings is like look-ing at the movements of a dance.

            A lifetime is like a flash of lightning in the sky, Rushing by, like a torrent down a steep mountain.

            Subtle impermanence refers to the changes that take place every moment in all animate and inanimate things. The Buddha said that things do not remain the same from one moment to the next, but are con-stantly changing. This is confirmed by modern physics, as Gary Zukav points out in The Dancing Wu Li Masters:

            Every subatomic interaction consists of the annihi-lation of the original particles and the creation of new subatomic particles. The subatomic world is a continual dance of creation and annihilation, of mass changing into energy and energy changing to mass. Transient forms sparkle in and out of exist-ence, creating a never-ending, forever newly created reality.¹

            The Buddha imparted the teaching on the inevita-bility of death in a very skilful way to one of his dis-ciples, Kisa Gotami. Kisa Gotami was married and had a child who was very dear to her heart. When the child was about one year old, he became ill and died. Overcome with grief and unable to accept the death of her child, Kisa Gotami took him in her arms and went in search of someone who could bring him back to life. Finally she met the Buddha, and begged Him to help her. The Buddha agreed, and asked her to bring Him four or five mustard seeds, but they had to be obtained from a house where no one had ever died.

            Kisa Gotami went from house to house in the village, and although everyone was willing to give her some mustard seeds, she was unable to find a house where death had not occurred. Gradually she realized that death happened to everyone, so she re-turned to the Buddha, buried her child and become one of His followers. Under His guidance, she was able to attain Nirvana, complete freedom from the cycle of birth and death.

            People may fear that accepting and thinking about death will make them morbid, or spoil their enjoyment of life’s pleasures. But surprisingly, the op-posite is true. Denying death makes us tense; accept-ing it brings peace. And it helps us become aware of what is really important in life—for example, being kind and loving to others, being honest and unself-ish—so that we will put our energy into those things and avoid doing what would cause us to feel fear and regret in the face of death.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ACCEPT AND BE AWARE OF DEATH

            In the Great Nirvana Sutra, the Buddha said:

            Of all ploughing, ploughing in the autumn is su-preme.

            Of all footprints, the elephant’s is supreme.

            Of all perceptions, remembering death and imper-manence is supreme.

            Awareness and remembrance of death are extremely important in Buddhism for two main reasons:

1)     By realising that our life is transitory, we will be more likely to spend our time wisely, doing posi-tive, beneficial, virtuous actions, and refraining from negative, non-virtuous actions. The result of this is that we will be able to die without re-gret, and will be born in fortunate circumstances in our next life.

2)   Remembering death will induce a sense of the great need to prepare ourselves for death. There are various methods (e.g. prayer, meditation, working on our mind) that will enable us to overcome fear, attachment and other emotions that could arise at the time of death and cause our mind to be disturbed, unpeaceful, and even negative. Preparing for death will enable us to die peacefully, with a clear, positive state of mind.

The benefits of being aware of death can be corrobo-rated by the results of the near-death experience. The near-death experience occurs when people seem to die, for example, on an operating table or in a car accident, but later they come back to life and de-scribe the experiences they had. As Sogyal Rinpoche points out in The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying (p.29):

            Perhaps one of its most startling revelations is how it [the near-death experience] transforms the lives of those who have been through it. Researchers have noted a startling range of aftereffects and changes: a reduced fear and deeper acceptance of death; an increased concern for helping others; an enhanced vision of the importance of love; less interest in materialistic pursuits; a growing belief in a spir-itual dimension and the spiritual meaning of life; and, of course, a greater openness to belief in the afterlife.

DEATH IS NOT THE END OF EVERYTHING, BUT A GATEWAY INTO ANOTHER LIFE

            Each of us is made up of a body and a mind. The

body consists of our physical parts—skin, bones, or-  gans, etc.—and the mind consists of our thoughts, perceptions, emotions, etc. The mind is a continu-ous, ever-changing stream of experiences. It has no beginning and no end. When we die, our mind sepa-rates from our body and goes on to take a new life. Being able to accept and integrate this understand-ing is very helpful in overcoming fear of death and being less attached to the things of this life. In the Tibetan tradition, we are advised to think of our ex-istence in this life as similar to a traveler who stays a night or two in a hotel—he can enjoy his room and the hotel, but does not become overly attached because he doesn’t think that it’s his place, and knows that he will be moving on.

            The type of life we will be born into and the experiences we will have are determined by the way we live our life. Positive, beneficial, ethical actions will lead to a good rebirth and happy experiences, whereas negative, harmful actions will lead to an un-fortunate rebirth and miserable experiences.

            Another factor that is crucial in determining our next rebirth is the state of our mind at the time of death. We should aim to die with a positive, peace-ful state of mind, to ensure a good rebirth. Dying with anger, attachment or other negative attitudes may lead us to take birth in unfortunate circum-stances in our next life. This is another reason why it is so important to prepare ourselves for death, because in order to have a positive state of mind at that time, we need to start now to learn how to keep our minds free from negative attitudes, and to fa-miliarize ourselves with positive attitudes, as much as possible.

     IT IS POSSIBLE TO BECOME FREE FROM      DEATH AND REBIRTH

            Dying and taking rebirth are two of the symptoms of ordinary, cyclic existence (samsara), the state of continuously-recurring problems, dissatisfaction, and non-freedom which all of us are caught in. The rea-son we are in this situation is because of the pres-ence in our mind of delusions—chiefly attachment, anger and ignorance—and the imprints of our ac-tions (karma) performed under the influence of delusions.

The Buddha was once like us, caught in samsara, but He found a way to become free, and achieved the state of perfect, complete Enlightenment. He did this not just for His own sake, but for the sake of all other beings, because he realized that all beings have the potential to become enlightened—this is called our “Buddha nature,” and it is the true, pure nature of our minds.

Buddha has the most perfect, pure compassion and love for all of us, all living beings, and taught us how we too could become free from suffering and attain enlightenment. That’s what his teachings, the Dharma, are all about. The Dharma shows us how we can free our minds from delusions and karma— the causes of death, rebirth and all the other prob-lems of samsara—and thus to become free from samsara and attain the ultimate state of enlighten-ment. Remembering death is one of the most pow-erful sources of the energy we need to practice the Buddha’s teachings and thus attain their blissful results.

Now let’s take a look at some of the ways in which we can begin preparing ourselves for death.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR DEATH

       THE FOUR TASKS OF LIVING AND DYING

Christine Longaker, an American woman with over 20 years’ experience working with the dying, has for-mulated four tasks which will help us to prepare for death, as well as to live our lives fully and meaning-fully. The four are:

1)     Understanding and transforming suffering. Ba-sically this means coming to an acceptance of the various problems, difficulties and painful experi-ences which are an inevitable part of life, and learning to cope with them. If we can learn to cope with the smaller sufferings that we encoun-ter as we go through life, we will be better able to cope with the bigger sufferings that we will face when we die.

We can ask ourselves: how do I react when prob-lems, physical or mental, happen to me? Is my way of reacting healthy and satisfying, or could it be im- proved? What are some ways I can learn to cope better with problems?

Suggested practices from the Tibetan tradition include patience, thinking about karma, compas-sion, and tonglen (“taking and giving”—see Ap-pendix 1). An explanation of these practices can be found in Transforming Problems into Happiness by Lama Zopa Rinpoche (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 1993).

2)     Making a connection, healing relationships and letting go. This task refers to our relationships with others, particularly family and friends. The main points here are to learn to communicate honestly, compassionately and unselfishly, and to resolve any unresolved problems we may have with others.

Think about your relationships with your fam-ily, friends, people you work with, etc. Are there any unresolved problems? How can you start working to-wards resolving these?

Suggestions: Forgiveness meditation (see Ap-pendix 2), resolving problems.

3)     Preparing spiritually for death. Christine writes:

“Every religious tradition emphasizes that to pre-pare spiritually for death it is vital that we estab-lish right now a daily spiritual practice, a prac-tice so deeply ingrained that it becomes part of our flesh and bones, our reflexive response to every situation in life, including our experiences of suffering.”² A list of recommended spiritual practices from the Buddhist tradition can be found below.

Check: try to imagine yourself at the time of death—what thoughts and feelings would come up in your mind at that time? Are there any spiritual ideas or practices you have learned or experienced that would give you comfort and peace at that time?

4)     Finding meaning in life. Many of us go through life without a clear idea as to what is the purpose and meaning of our existence. This lack of clar-ity can become a problem as we become older and closer to death because we become less capable and more dependent upon others. So it is impor-tant to explore such questions as “What is the pur-pose of my life? Why am I here? What is important and not important?”

These four tasks are fully explained in Facing Death and Finding Hope by Christine Longaker (NY: Doubleday, and London: Century, 1997) pps.37-157.

LIVE ETHICALLY

Painful or frightening experiences that occur at the time of death and afterwards are the result of nega-tive actions, or karma. To prevent such experiences, we need to refrain from negative actions and do as many positive actions as we can. For example, we can do our best to avoid the ten non-virtuous ac-tions (killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, harsh speech, lying, slander, gossip, covetousness, ill-will and wrong views) and to practice the ten virtues (consciously refraining from killing, etc. and doing actions opposite to the ten non-virtues). It’s also good to take vows or precepts, and do purification prac-tices on a daily basis.

Another aspect of Buddhist ethics is working on our minds to reduce the very causes of negative ac-tions: delusions, or disturbing emotions, such as an-ger, greed, pride, and so forth. And awareness of death itself is one of the most effective antidotes for delusions.

To illustrate this point: I heard the story of a woman who had an argument with her son just be-fore the son left home with his father to go on a fish-ing trip. The son was killed on the trip. You can im-agine the pain the mother must have suffered—not only did she lose her son, but the last words she spoke to him were angry ones.

There is no way of knowing when death will happen, to ourself or to another. Each time we part from someone, even for a short time, there’s no cer-tainty that we will meet them again. Realizing this can help us to avoid hanging on to negative feelings, and to resolve our conflicts with others as quickly as possible. That will ensure that we do not die with those burdens on our minds, or that we live with painful regret if the person we had a problem with were to die before we had a chance to apologize and clear up the problem.

Also, as we approach death, it’s good to start giv-ing away our possessions, or at least make a will. Doing that will help reduce attachment and worry (“What will happen to all my things?” “Who will get what?”) at the time of death.

STUDY SPIRITUAL TEACHINGS

Learning spiritual teachings such as those given by the Buddha will help us to overcome delusions and negative behaviour, and will help us become more wise and compassionate. Also, the more we under-stand reality or truth—the nature of our life, the uni-verse, karma, our capacity for spiritual development and how to bring it about—the less we will be afraid of death.

CULTIVATE A SPIRITUAL PRACTICE

As we are dying, we may find ourselves experienc-ing physical discomfort and pain. In addition to this, we may also experience disturbing thoughts and emotions, such as regrets about the past, fears about the future, sadness about having to separate from our loved ones and possessions, and anger about the mis-fortunes that are happening to us. As mentioned above, it is very important to keep our mind free from such negative thoughts, and instead to have positive thoughts at the time of death. Examples of positive thoughts could include:

• Keeping in mind an object of our faith such as Buddha or God,
• Calm acceptance of our death and the problems associated with it,
• Non-attachment to our loved ones and posses-sions,
• Feeling positive about the way we have lived our life, remembering good things we have done,
• Feeling loving-kindness and compassion for others.

In order to be able to invoke such thoughts or at-titudes at the time of death, we need to be familiar with them. Familiarity with positive states of mind depends upon putting time and effort into spiritual practice while we are alive. And the best time to start is now, since we have no way of knowing when death will happen.

Some recommended practices from the Buddhist tra-dition include:

1) Taking refuge

In Buddhism, taking refuge is an attitude of feeling faith in and relying upon the Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, accompanied by a sincere ef-fort to learn and practice the Buddhist teachings in our life. It is said in the Buddhist teachings that tak-ing refuge at the time of death will ensure that we will obtain a fortunate rebirth and avoid an unfor-tunate one in our next lifetime.³ Faith in one’s per-sonal spiritual teachers, or in a specific Buddha or Bodhisattva such as Amitabha or Guan Yin, will also have the same result and will bring great comfort to the mind at the time of death.

2) Pure Land practice

A popular practice, particularly in the Mahayana tra-dition, is to pray for rebirth in a Pure Land, such as the Pure Land of Bliss (Sukhavati) of Amitabha Bud-dha. Pure Lands are manifested by the Buddhas to aid those who wish to continue their spiritual prac-tice in the next life, free of the distractions, hassles and interferences of the ordinary world.

Bokar Rinpoche mentions four essential condi-tions that need to be cultivated in order to take birth in Amitabha’s Pure Land: 1) making ourselves famil-iar with the image of the Pure Land and meditating upon it,

2) having a sincere wish to be born there, and making regular prayers for such a rebirth,

3)     purifying our negative actions and accumulating positive actions, and dedicating these to be born in the Pure Land, and 4) having the motivation of bodhicitta—the aspiration to attain enlightenment (Buddhahood) to be able to help all beings—as the reason for wishing to be born in the Pure Land.⁴

3) Mindfulness

Mindfulness is a meditative practice that involves be-ing aware of whatever is happening in our body and mind accompanied by equanimity, free of attach-ment to what is pleasant and aversion to what is un-pleasant. Strong familiarity with this practice gives one the ability to cope with pain and discomfort, keep the mind free from disturbing emotions, and remain peaceful while dying. Several books on mind-fulness and meditation are mentioned in the read-ing list.

4) Loving-kindness

This practice involves cultivating feelings of care, concern and kindness towards all other beings. When we face difficulties or pain, our strong attachment to ‘I’ augments our suffering, whereas being less concerned with ourselves and more concerned for others diminishes our suffering. At the time of death, thinking of other beings and wishing them to be happy and free from suffering would bring great peace to our mind. Lama Zopa Rinpoche says that these are the best thoughts and feelings that we could have in our mind before and during death. Not only do they help us have a more peaceful death, but they also purify our negativities and accumulate positive potential, or merit, which ensures a good rebirth in the next life.

More information on how to cultivate loving-kindness can be found in Sharon Salzburg’s book, LovingKindness—The Revolutionary Art of Happiness (see the recommended reading list).

    BECOME FAMILIAR WITH

THE STAGES OF THE DEATH PROCESS

One reason why people tend to be afraid of death is because they do not know what will happen to them. In the Tibetan tradition of Buddhism, there is a clear and detailed explanation of the process of dying, which involves eight stages. The eight stages correspond to the gradual dissolution of various fac-tors, such as the four elements: earth, water, fire and air. As one passes through the eight stages, there are various internal and external signs.

The four elements dissolve over the first four stages. In the first stage, where the earth element dis-solves, the external signs are that one’s body becomes thinner and weaker, and internally one has a vision of a mirage. The second stage involves the dissolu-tion of the water element; the external sign is that one’s bodily fluids dry up, and internally one has a vision of smoke. The fire element dissolves in the third stage; the external sign is that the heat and digestive power of the body decline, and internally one has a vision of sparks. In the fourth stage, where the wind or air element dissolves, the external sign is that breathing ceases, and internally one has a vision of a flame about to go out. This is the point at which one would normally be declared clinically dead. The gross physical elements have all dissolved, the breath has stopped, and there is no longer any movement in the brain or circulatory system. How-ever, according to Buddhism death has not yet taken place because the mind or consciousness is still present in the body.

There are various levels of the mind: gross, sub-tle and very subtle. The gross mind or conscious-ness includes our six consciousnesses (seeing, hear-ing, smell, taste, touch and mental consciousness) and eighty instinctive conceptions. The six consciousnesses dissolve over the first four stages of the death process, and the eighty conceptions dis-solve in the fifth stage, following which one expe-riences a white vision. In the sixth stage, the white vision dissolves and a red vision appears. In the sev-enth stage, the red vision dissolves and a vision of darkness appears. The white, red and dark visions constitute the subtle level of consciousness.

Finally, in the eighth stage, the dark vision dis-solves and the very subtle mind of clear light becomes manifest. This is the most subtle and pure level of our mind, or consciousness. Experienced meditators are able to use this clear light mind to meditate and gain a realization of absolute truth, and even attain enlightenment. That is why such meditators are not afraid of death, and even look forward to death as if they were going on a holiday!

This is just a brief explanation of the eight stages. More detailed explanations can be found in a number of books (see the recommended reading list), such as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, translated by Robert Thurman, p.23-50. Since we are naturally more frightened of what is not known to us, becom-ing familiar with the stages of the death process would help ease some of our fear of death. And if we are able to practice the meditations on simulat-ing the death process and awakening the clear light mind that are found in the Tibetan Vajrayana tradi-tion, we might even be able to attain realizations as we die.

These are just a few recommended spiritual practices that we can learn and train ourselves in during the course of our life which will help us be more pre-pared for death. However, there are many other methods, which are suited to people of different tem-peraments. When it comes to choosing the method that is right for us, we can use our own intuition and wisdom, or consult reliable spiritual teachers with whom we have an affinity.

Now let’s look at what we can do to help other people who are dying.

    HELPING OTHERS WHO

    ARE DYING

It is said in the Buddhist teachings that helping an-other person to die with a peaceful, positive state of mind is one of the greatest acts of kindness we can offer. The reason for this is that the moment of death is so crucial for determining the rebirth to come, which in turn will affect subsequent rebirths.

However, helping a dying person is no easy task. When people die, they experience numerous diffi-culties and changes, and this would naturally give rise to confusion as well as painful emotions. They have physical needs—relief from pain and discom-fort, assistance in performing the most basic tasks such as drinking, eating, relieving themselves, bath-ing and so forth. They have emotional needs—to be treated with respect, kindness and love; to talk and be listened to; or, at certain times, to be left alone and in silence. They have spiritual needs—to make sense of their life, their suffering, their death; to have hope for what lies beyond death; to feel that they will be cared for and guided by someone or some-thing wiser and more powerful than themselves.

Thus one of the most important skills in help-ing a dying person is to try to understand what their needs are, and do what we can to take care of these. We can best do this by putting aside our own needs and wishes whenever we visit them, and make up our mind to simply be there for them, ready to do whatever has to be done, whatever will help them to be more comfortable, happy and at peace.

There are many excellent books available on how to care for a dying person in terms of their physical and emotional needs (see the recommended read-ing list). Here we will focus on the spiritual needs and how to provide for these.

WORKING ON OUR OWN EMOTIONS

As mentioned above, when people approach death they will at times experience disturbing emotions such as fear, regret, sadness, clinging to the people and things of this life, and even anger. They may have difficulty coping with these emotions, and may find themselves overwhelmed, as if drowning in them. What is helpful to them during these diffi-cult times is to sit with them, listen compassionately and offer comforting words to calm their minds. But to be able to do this effectively, we need to know how to cope with our own emotions. Being in the presence of death will most probably bring up the same disturbing emotions in our mind as in the dying person’s mind—fear, sadness, attachment, a sense of helplessness, and so forth. Some of these emotions we may never have experienced before, and we may feel surprised and even confused to find them in our mind. Thus we need to know how to deal with them in ourselves before we can really help someone else to deal with them.

One of the best methods for dealing with emo-tions is mindfulness meditation (see above). Another is reminding ourselves of impermanence: the fact that we ourselves, other people, our bodies and minds, and just about everything in the world around us, is constantly changing, never the same from one mo-ment to the next. Awareness and acceptance of im-permanence is one of the most powerful antidotes to clinging and attachment, as well as to fear, which is often a sense of resistance to change. Also, culti-vating firm faith in the Three Jewels of Refuge (Bud-dha, Dharma and Sangha) is extremely useful in providing the strength and courage we need to face and deal with turbulent emotions.

If the dying person is a family member or friend, we will have the additional challenge of having to deal with our attachments and expectations in rela-tion to him or her. Although it is difficult, the best thing we can do is learn to let go of the person. Clinging to them is unrealistic, and will only cause more suffering for both of us. Again, remembering impermanence is the most effective remedy to at-tachment.

GIVING HOPE AND FINDING FORGIVENESS

Sogyal Rinpoche, in The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying (pps.212-213), says that two things that are very important in helping a dying person are giving hope and finding forgiveness. When dying, many people experience guilt, regret, depression or a sense of hopelessness. You can help them by allowing them to express their feelings, and by listening compas-sionately and non-judgementally. But encourage them to remember the good things they have done in their life, and to feel positive about the way they have lived. Focus on their successes and virtues, not on their failings and wrongdoings. If they are open to the idea, remind them that their nature is basi-cally pure and good (in Buddhism we call this “Bud-dha nature”) and that their faults and mistakes are transitory and removable, like dirt on a window.

Some people may be concerned that their wrong-doings are so numerous and great that they could never be forgiven. If they believe in God or Bud-dha, assure them that the nature of God and Bud-dha is pure, unconditional love and compassion, so they always forgive whatever mistakes we make. If the person has no such belief, then what they need is to forgive themselves. You can help them to do this by encouraging them to express their heartfelt regret for their mistakes and ask for forgiveness. That is all they need to do. Remind them that whatever actions were done in the past are over and cannot be changed, so it’s best to let go of them. However, we can change from this moment on. If the person truly regrets her mistakes and wishes to transform herself, there is no reason she cannot find forgive-ness. If there are specific people the person has harmed and who are still alive, encourage the per-son to express his regret and request forgiveness.

Sogyal Rinpoche says (p.213):

All religions stress the power of forgiveness, and this power is never more necessary, nor more deeply felt, than when someone is dying. Through forgiving and being forgiven, we purify ourselves of the darkness of what we have done, and prepare ourselves more completely for the journey through death.

HOW TO HELP SOMEONE WHO IS A BUDDHIST

If the dying person is a Buddhist, ask questions to find out how much they know and understand, and their answers should give you a better idea about what to do to help them spiritually. For example, if the person has strong faith in Guan Yin (Tib: Chenrezig, Skt: Avalokitesvara), then you should encourage them to keep that faith in their mind and pray to Guan Yin as much as possible. Or if the person were a practitioner of mindfulness medita-tion, encourage them to do that practice as often as they can. In short, whatever teachings and practices they are familiar and comfortable with, remind them of these and do whatever you can to provide them with confidence and inspiration to do these prac-tices. If they have difficulty practicing on their own, due to pain or tiredness or a confused state of mind, do the practice with them.

If possible, place images of Buddha, Guan Yin, Amitabha, and so forth within sight of the person. If he or she has any Spiritual Teachers, you can put their pictures as well. It’s also very beneficial to re-cite the names of Buddhas to the person, because the Buddhas have promised to help living beings avoid being reborn in states of suffering.

Speak to the person, or read passages from books, about impermanence and other Buddhist teach-ings—but do this only if they are receptive, do not force it on them. Also, be cautious about teaching them something that would cause their mind to be confused or upset (for example, if the subject is too difficult for them to understand, or if it is new and unfamiliar). Remember that the most important thing is to help the person have a peaceful and positive state of mind before and during their death.

It may be that the dying person does not know how to meditate or pray. In that case you can medi-tate or do other prayers or practices in their pres- ence, dedicating the merit of these that they have a peaceful mind at the time of death and a good re-birth. You can also teach them how to pray, using standard Buddhist prayers, or by praying in their own words, in their own hearts. For example, they can pray to Buddha, Guan Yin or whichever Buddha-figure they are familiar with, to be with them dur-ing this difficult time, to help them find the strength and courage to deal with their suffering, to keep their mind peaceful, and to guide them to a good rebirth in the next life.

Here is a simple meditation you could teach the dying person to do: ask them to visualize in front of them whatever Buddha-figure they have faith in, see-ing it as the embodiment of all positive, pure quali-ties such as compassion, loving-kindness, forgiveness and wisdom. Light flows from this figure, filling their body and mind, purifying them of all the negative things they have ever done or thought, and blessing them to have only pure, positive thoughts in their mind. The person’s mind becomes oneness with the Buddha’s mind, completely pure and good. If the dying person is not able to do this meditation (e.g. if they are too ill, or unconscious) then you can do it for them, imagining the Buddha-figure above the person’s head.

Also, to help their minds be free of worry and anxiety, encourage them to not worry about their loved ones and their possessions—assure them that everything will be taken care of—and to not be afraid of what lies ahead but to have faith in the Three Jewels. Do what you can to help them cultivate positive thoughts, such as faith, loving-kindness and compassion, and to avoid negative thoughts such as anger and attachment.

HOW TO HELP SOMEONE WHO IS NOT A BUDDHIST

If the dying person belongs to another religion, make an effort to understand what they know and believe, and speak to them accordingly. For example, if they believe in God and heaven, encourage them to have faith in and pray to God, and to feel confident that they will be with God in heaven after they leave this life. And have a respectful attitude towards the per-son and their beliefs and practices. Remember, the most important thing is to help the person to have positive thoughts in their mind, in accordance with their religious beliefs and practices. DO NOT at-tempt to impose your own beliefs or try to convert them. To do that would be disrespectful and unethi-cal, and could cause them to become confused and disturbed.

If the person has no religion, use non-religious terminology to speak to them in ways that will help them to be free of negative thoughts such as anger and attachment, and develop positive thoughts and a peaceful state of mind. If they show interest in knowing what you believe in, you can tell them, but be careful not to preach. It might be more effective to have a discussion in which you openly share ideas with each other. For example, if the person asks you what happens after we die, instead of immediately launching into an explanation of rebirth, you might say something like “I’m not really sure. What do you think?” And take it from there.

If they genuinely wish to know about Buddhist beliefs and practices, it’s perfectly OK to explain these to them. You can talk about the Buddha’s life and teachings, the Four Noble Truths, impermanence, loving-kindness and compassion, and so forth. Just be sensitive to their response—be careful not to be pushy, otherwise the person could become negative.

Remember, the bottom line is to help them remain free from negative thoughts as much as possible, and to have a positive, peaceful state of mind.

If the person is not a Buddhist and would not be comfortable hearing or seeing you do any Bud-dhist prayers or practices, you can still do these prac-tices silently, without them knowing it. For exam-ple, you could sit beside them and meditate on lov-ing-kindness and send the energy of loving kindness from your heart to fill them with peace. Or you could visualize Buddha or Guan Yin above the person’s head and silently recite prayers or mantras while visu-alizing a shower of light flowing from the Buddha into the person, purifying them and helping their mind to become more pure and peaceful. It is quite possible that the person will feel the effects of these practices even though they have no idea that they are being done on their behalf!

      THE TIME OF DEATH

You can continue to do meditation or recite prayers, mantras, the names of Buddhas and so forth as the person is dying, and for as long as possible after they have stopped breathing. Remember that the cessa-tion of the breath is not the sign of death according to Buddhism. That is only the fourth of the eight stages of the death process, and the actual point of death, when the consciousness leaves the body, is after the eighth stage.

How long does it take for the person to get to that stage after they have stopped breathing? That is not certain—it depends on various factors such as the cause of death (for example, if the person was badly injured in a car accident, the consciousness might leave sooner than in the case of a natural death), and the state of the person’s mind (an expe-rienced meditator would be able to stay in the eighth stage, the clear light state, longer than someone with little or no meditation experience.)

So how can we know when the person has ac-tually died? According to the Tibetan tradition, there are several signs indicating that the consciousness has left the body: the heat of the heart ceases, a smell begins to emanate from the body, and a small amount of fluid will be emitted either from the nostrils or the sexual organ. So it is best to leave the body undisturbed until these signs occur, which could be several hours or even several days after the breath has ceased. This is possible if the person has died at home, but would be difficult in a hospital because hospitals have rules regarding how long a body can be kept in a room or ward. You can re-quest the hospital staff to move the body to another room where it could be left for several more hours, while prayers and mantras continue to be recited.

It is best to not touch the body from the time the breath has stopped until the consciousness has departed. However, if it is necessary to touch the body during this time, first pull the hair on the crown of the head (or just touch the crown if there is no hair). This will stimulate the person’s mind to leave from the crown, which is the exit-point for a fortu-nate rebirth—state such as in a Pure Land. After that you can touch other parts of the body.

In the Buddhist tradition it is recommended that we not cry in the presence of someone who is dying or has stopped breathing. It is also not good to talk about the person’s possessions and how they should be distributed. Hearing such sounds could disturb their mind. Family members and friends can go to another room to cry, or to discuss practical matters. In the presence of the person who has died, it is best to have only the sounds of prayers, mantras and spiritual instructions.

Among the practices recommended by Lama Zopa Rinpoche for a person who has passed away are: Medicine Buddha, Amitabha, Chenrezig, Giv-ing Breath to the Wretched, and the King of Prayers. Copies of these and other practices for the dying and deceased can be obtained by writing to materials@fpmt.org. If there is a lama or ordained person in your area who knows how to do powa (transference of consciousness) practice, you can invite them to do that. If there is no such person available, then just do whatever prayers and prac-tices you know, with as much faith, sincerity and compassion as you can generate in your heart.

      HELPING AFTER DEATH

After the person has passed away, we can continue to benefit them by doing positive, virtuous actions— such as saying prayers (or asking monks and nuns to say prayers), making offerings, releasing animals who are destined to be slaughtered, doing medita-tion, etc.—and dedicate the merits of these actions for the person to have a good rebirth, and to quickly become free from cyclic existence and attain enlight-enment. It is perfectly all right to do these practices whether the person was a Buddhist or not.

It is good to use some of the person’s own money to create merit, for example, making donations to charity. Also, merit accumulated by family members (direct relatives of the deceased person) is especially powerful and helpful. Doing virtuous actions and dedicating the merits to the deceased can help the person in the bardo (the intermediate state between death and the next life, which could last up to 49 days). However, once they have taken rebirth, the merit we dedicate may not help them in that life, but could help them in their subsequent rebirth, for example, by shortening the length of an unfortunate rebirth.

CONCLUSION

I hope that the ideas presented in this booklet will help you to be more accepting and less fearful of death, your own and others’. There is a great wealth of material—from ancient religious and spiritual traditions as well as from modern fields such as psy-chology, sociology and palliative care—that can guide us in living our lives in such a way as to be peaceful, calm and courageous in the face of death. And when someone we love is going through that experience, we can be a source of comfort, serenity and hope for them. May this small work inspire you to learn more on this subject. And may all beings become free from the sufferings of death, and attain the highest peace and happiness beyond the cycle of birth and death.

APPENDIX 1

A Simple Tong-Len (Taking and Giving) Meditation Using One’s Own Problem

You can use this method whenever you are experi-encing any kind of problem—physical, emotional, in a relationship or at work. Sit down, calm the mind, generate a positive motivation for doing the practice. Then focus on your problem, allow it to arise in your mind, feel how painful it is, how your mind wants to push it away.... Then think: “I am not the only person experiencing a problem like this. There are many others....” Think of other people who may be experiencing the same or a similar problem, some to an even greater degree than your-self. (For example, if you have lost a loved one, think of people who have lost many loved ones, in a war or a famine.)

            Then generate compassion, thinking: “How wonderful it would be if all those people could be free from their suffering.” Then decide that you will accept or take on your own experience of this prob-lem, in order that all those other people could be free from theirs. You can do this with the breath: visualize breathing in the suffering in the form of dark smoke. It comes into your heart, where the self-cherishing mind is located, in the form of a solid, dark spot or rock. The dark smoke of suffering ab-sorbs into the rock of self-cherishing and destroys it.....

Then breathe out happiness and positive quali-ties and merit, in the form of bright light, giving to yourself and all those other people whatever quali-ties are needed to be able to deal with the problem and to progress along the path to enlightenment.

Conclude the meditation by feeling joyful that you have done this practice, and dedicate the merit (positive energy) of the practice that all beings may be happy and free from suffering.

APPENDIX 2

Meditation on Forgiveness

As we develop in our practice of meditation we natu-rally become more conscious of what is going on in our minds. We become clearer about what we feel and why. We start to uncover the discrepancies in our lives, and get in touch with the bruises and hurts of old relationships. Slowly, we are able to tie loose ends and heal the wounds.

The practice of a forgiveness meditation is a wonderful way to heal the pain of the old hurts that block our heart and prevent us from trusting and loving ourselves and others. Forgiveness is the key to opening our hearts, to learning from the painful lessons of the past in order to move into the future unhindered.

            Begin by sitting quietly, relaxing your body and focussing your mind with the breath. Allow memo-ries and images and emotions to float freely in your mind—things you have done, said and thought that you have not forgiven yourself for, no matter how painful they are.

From your heart say to yourself, “I forgive myself for whatever I have done in the past, intentionally or unintentionally, my actions, my words and my thoughts. I have suffered enough! I have learned and grown and I am ready now to open my heart to myself. May I be happy, may I be free from confu-sion, may I know the joy of truly understanding myself, others and the world. May I come to know my own wholeness and fullness and help others to do the same.”

Now, in the space in front of you, imagine a  person you love whom you want to forgive or whose forgiveness you need. From your heart to their heart directly communicate the following: “With all my heart I forgive you for whatever you may have done, intentionally or unintentionally, by your actions, your words or thoughts that have caused me pain. I forgive you, and I ask that you forgive me for whatever I have done, intentionally or unintention-ally to you, by my actions, my words or my thoughts—I ask your forgiveness. May you be happy, free and joyful. May we both open our hearts and minds to meet in love and understanding as we grow into wholeness.” Imagine that this message has been received and accepted, and affirm the healing that has taken place within you and between the two of you. Then allow the image to melt into space.

Next, think about the countless people toward whom you have closed your heart. Remember how you felt and what you did when people abused you, spoke harshly, took “your” parking place, crowded in front of you in line, ad infinitum... Consider how many people you have hurt in some way, by your own conscious or unconscious actions, words and thoughts. How many times have you been the abuser, the one who crowded in, the one who spoke harshly?

Imagine these countless beings standing before you. From your heart to theirs generate the essence of the following: “I forgive you and ask you to forgive me for whatever I have done, intentionally or uninten-tionally, that has hurt you. May you and I and all of us create the causes for happiness in our lives. May we all come to know the joy of truly understanding and experiencing our interrelationship. May we open our hearts and minds to each other and meet in harmony.”

Repeat this reflective meditation as often as you like. At the conclusion, imagine and feel as vividly and wholeheartedly as you are able that you have actu-ally released all guilt and blame towards yourself. In this present moment, allow yourself to feel forgive-ness and a patient acceptance of your past actions.

— From The Fine Arts of Relaxation, Concentration and Meditation by Joel and Michelle Levey (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 1991)

NOTES

1. Gary Zukav, The Dancing Wu Li Masters (NY: Bantam, 1980), p.197.
2. Christine Longaker, Facing Death and Finding Hope (London: Century, and NY: Doubleday, 1997), p.113.
3. Pabongka Rinpoche, Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand (Boston: Wisdom, 1991), p.422.
4. Bokar Rinpoche. Death and the Art of Dying in Tibetan Buddhism. San Francisco: ClearPoint Press, 1993; pps.52-53.

NSPIRING QUOTES

“My disciples, my end is approaching, our parting is near, but do not lament. Life is ever changing; none can escape the dissolution of the body. This I am now to show by my own death, my body falling apart like a dilapidated cart.

Do not vainly lament, but realize that nothing is permanent and learn from it the emptiness of human life. Do not cherish the unworthy desire that the changeable might become unchanging....” — last words to his disciples by Shakyamuni Buddha

DEATH IS CERTAIN

‘No man, though he sees others dying around him, believes he himself will die.’ — Bhagavad-gita

When you are strong and healthy,

You never think of sickness coming,

But it descends with sudden force,

Like a stroke of lightning.

When involved in worldly things,

You never think of death’s approach,

Quick it comes like thunder,

Crashing round your head.

— Milarepa

     HOW TO DIE HAPPILY AND MEANINGFULLY

‘If a person dies with the thought of benefiting others, their mind is naturally happy and this makes their death meaningful.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche

‘A time will never come when you are free of all activities, so everyday you have to find the oppor-tunity.... Death is definite but the time of death is indefinite—it can strike us at any time, therefore do not procrastinate.’ — HH Dalai Lama

DIE TO LIVE

‘The Buddha told his disciple Ananda to see imper-manence, to see death with every breathe. We must know death; we must die in order to live.’ — Ajahn Chah

WHY HELP THE DYING?

‘The needs of a person who is experiencing death, who is at this crucial point in life, are unbelievable, and they need support.... For most people, when death is approaching they find it the hardest and most difficult time in their life. So therefore, this is the time that they really need some refuge or sup-port.” — Lama Zopa Rinpoche

To Friends of the Dying

Oh you,

Who have come to this place,

Sisters and brothers, friends,

This person is dying.

She (he) has not chosen to do so.

She is suffering greatly.

She has no home, no friends.

Falling as from a cliff,

She is entering a strange forest.

Driven by the winds, swept by the ocean,

She feels no solid ground.

She is embarking on a great battle.

Moved from state to state,

She is alone and helpless.

Embrace her with your love.

— extracted from The Tibetan Book of the Dead for Reading Aloud, adapted by Jean-Claude van Itallie.

HOW TO HELP

‘The main thing is to take care of the dying person’s mind. Many others can take care of the body, but we can take care of the mind.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche

‘The body has its own language of love, use it fear-lessly, and you will find you bring to the dying comfort and consolation.’ — Sogyal Rinpoche

‘When you do social service, and from the very beginning what you have in your heart is to offer service to others, because others are most important, then of course you enjoy the work because of the pure heart.’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche

“What is compassion? It is not simply a sense of sympathy or caring for the person suffering, not simply a warmth of heart toward the person before you, or a sharp clarity or recognition of their needs and pain, it is also a sustained and practical deter-mination to do whatever is possible and necessary to help alleviate their suffering.” — Glimpse After Glimpse by Sogyal Rinpoche

BENEFITS OF VOLUNTEERING

‘Helping to look after people who are sick and dy-ing is itself the best preparation for our own death’ — Lama Zopa Rinpoche

‘To learn really to help those who are dying is to begin to become fearless and responsible about our own dying, and to find in ourselves the beginnings of an unbounded compassion that we may have never suspected.’ — Sogyal Rinpoche